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sshd

NAME

SYNOPSIS

k -words

DESCRIPTION

(OpenSSH Daemon) is the daemon program for ssh(1) Together these programs replace rlogin and rsh, and provide secure encrypted communications between two untrusted hosts over an insecure network.
listens for connections from clients. It is normally started at boot from
It forks a new daemon for each incoming connection. The forked daemons handle key exchange, encryption, authentication, command execution, and data exchange.
can be configured using command-line options or a configuration file (by default sshd_config(5) command-line options override values specified in the configuration file. rereads its configuration file when it receives a hangup signal, by executing itself with the name and options it was started with, e.g.
The options are as follows:
  • 4 Forces to use IPv4 addresses only.
  • 6 Forces to use IPv6 addresses only.
  • bits Specifies the number of bits in the ephemeral protocol version 1 server key (default 768).
  • D When this option is specified, will not detach and does not become a daemon. This allows easy monitoring of
  • d Debug mode. The server sends verbose debug output to the system log, and does not put itself in the background. The server also will not fork and will only process one connection. This option is only intended for debugging for the server. Multiple options increase the debugging level. Maximum is 3.
  • e When this option is specified, will send the output to the standard error instead of the system log.
  • configuration_file Specifies the name of the configuration file. The default is
refuses to start if there is no configuration file.
  • login_grace_time Gives the grace time for clients to authenticate themselves (default 120 seconds). If the client fails to authenticate the user within this many seconds, the server disconnects and exits. A value of zero indicates no limit.
  • host_key_file Specifies a file from which a host key is read. This option must be given if is not run as root (as the normal host key files are normally not readable by anyone but root). The default is
  • for protocol version 1, and
    and
    for protocol version 2. It is possible to have multiple host key files for the different protocol versions and host key algorithms.
  • i Specifies that is being run from inetd(8) is normally not run from inetd because it needs to generate the server key before it can respond to the client, and this may take tens of seconds. Clients would have to wait too long if the key was regenerated every time. However, with small key sizes (e.g. 512) using from inetd may be feasible.
  • key_gen_time Specifies how often the ephemeral protocol version 1 server key is regenerated (default 3600 seconds, or one hour). The motivation for regenerating the key fairly often is that the key is not stored anywhere, and after about an hour it becomes impossible to recover the key for decrypting intercepted communications even if the machine is cracked into or physically seized. A value of zero indicates that the key will never be regenerated.
  • option Can be used to give options in the format used in the configuration file. This is useful for specifying options for which there is no separate command-line flag. For full details of the options, and their values, see sshd_config(5)
  • port Specifies the port on which the server listens for connections (default 22). Multiple port options are permitted. Ports specified in the configuration file with the option are ignored when a command-line port is specified. Ports specified using the option override command-line ports.
  • q Quiet mode. Only fatal errors are sent to the system log. Normally the beginning, authentication, and termination of each connection is logged. If a second is given then nothing is sent to the system log.
  • t Test mode. Only check the validity of the configuration file and sanity of the keys. This is useful for updating reliably as configuration options may change.
  • len This option is used to specify the size of the field in the structure that holds the remote host name. If the resolved host name is longer than the dotted decimal value will be used instead. This allows hosts with very long host names that overflow this field to still be uniquely identified. Specifying indicates that only dotted decimal addresses should be put into the
  • file. may also be used to prevent from making DNS requests unless the authentication mechanism or configuration requires it. Authentication mechanisms that may require DNS include and using a option in a key file. Configuration options that require DNS include using a USER@HOST pattern in or

    AUTHENTICATION

    The OpenSSH SSH daemon supports SSH protocols 1 and 2. Both protocols are supported by default, though this can be changed via the option in sshd_config(5) Protocol 2 supports both RSA and DSA keys; protocol 1 only supports RSA keys. For both protocols, each host has a host-specific key, normally 2048 bits, used to identify the host.
    Forward security for protocol 1 is provided through an additional server key, normally 768 bits, generated when the server starts. This key is normally regenerated every hour if it has been used, and is never stored on disk. Whenever a client connects, the daemon responds with its public host and server keys. The client compares the RSA host key against its own database to verify that it has not changed. The client then generates a 256-bit random number. It encrypts this random number using both the host key and the server key, and sends the encrypted number to the server. Both sides then use this random number as a session key which is used to encrypt all further communications in the session. The rest of the session is encrypted using a conventional cipher, currently Blowfish or 3DES, with 3DES being used by default. The client selects the encryption algorithm to use from those offered by the server.
    For protocol 2, forward security is provided through a Diffie-Hellman key agreement. This key agreement results in a shared session key. The rest of the session is encrypted using a symmetric cipher, currently 128-bit AES, Blowfish, 3DES, CAST128, Arcfour, 192-bit AES, or 256-bit AES. The client selects the encryption algorithm to use from those offered by the server. Additionally, session integrity is provided through a cryptographic message authentication code (hmac-sha1 or hmac-md5).
    Finally, the server and the client enter an authentication dialog. The client tries to authenticate itself using host-based authentication, public key authentication, challenge-response authentication, or password authentication.
    Regardless of the authentication type, the account is checked to ensure that it is accessible. An account is not accessible if it is locked, listed in or its group is listed in . The definition of a locked account is system dependant. Some platforms have their own account database (eg AIX) and some modify the passwd field ( on Solaris and UnixWare, on HP-UX, containing on Tru64, a leading on FreeBSD and a leading on Linux). If there is a requirement to disable password authentication for the account while allowing still public-key, then the passwd field should be set to something other than these values (eg or ).
    If the client successfully authenticates itself, a dialog for preparing the session is entered. At this time the client may request things like allocating a pseudo-tty, forwarding X11 connections, forwarding TCP connections, or forwarding the authentication agent connection over the secure channel.
    After this, the client either requests a shell or execution of a command. The sides then enter session mode. In this mode, either side may send data at any time, and such data is forwarded to/from the shell or command on the server side, and the user terminal in the client side.
    When the user program terminates and all forwarded X11 and other connections have been closed, the server sends command exit status to the client, and both sides exit.

    LOGIN PROCESS

    When a user successfully logs in, does the following:
      t If the login is on a tty, and no command has been specified, prints last login time and
    (unless prevented in the configuration file or by
    see the section). t If the login is on a tty, records login time. t Checks
    if it exists, prints contents and quits (unless root). t Changes to run with normal user privileges. t Sets up basic environment. t Reads the file
    if it exists, and users are allowed to change their environment. See the option in sshd_config(5) t Changes to user's home directory. t If
    exists, runs it; else if
    exists, runs it; otherwise runs xauth. The files are given the X11 authentication protocol and cookie in standard input. See below. t Runs user's shell or command.

    SSHRC

    If the file
    exists, sh(1) runs it after reading the environment files but before starting the user's shell or command. It must not produce any output on stdout; stderr must be used instead. If X11 forwarding is in use, it will receive the "proto cookie" pair in its standard input (and in its environment). The script must call xauth(1) because will not run xauth automatically to add X11 cookies.
    The primary purpose of this file is to run any initialization routines which may be needed before the user's home directory becomes accessible; AFS is a particular example of such an environment.
    This file will probably contain some initialization code followed by something similar to:
    if read proto cookie && [ -n "$DISPLAY" ]; then
    	if [ `echo $DISPLAY | cut -c1-10` = 'localhost:' ]; then
    		# X11UseLocalhost=yes
    		echo add unix:`echo $DISPLAY |
    		    cut -c11-` $proto $cookie
    	else
    		# X11UseLocalhost=no
    		echo add $DISPLAY $proto $cookie
    	fi | xauth -q -
    fi
    
    If this file does not exist,
    is run, and if that does not exist either, xauth is used to add the cookie.

    AUTHORIZED_KEYS FILE FORMAT

    specifies the file containing public keys for public key authentication; if none is specified, the default is
    Each line of the file contains one key (empty lines and lines starting with a are ignored as comments). Protocol 1 public keys consist of the following space-separated fields: options, bits, exponent, modulus, comment. Protocol 2 public key consist of: options, keytype, base64-encoded key, comment. The options field is optional; its presence is determined by whether the line starts with a number or not (the options field never starts with a number). The bits, exponent, modulus, and comment fields give the RSA key for protocol version 1; the comment field is not used for anything (but may be convenient for the user to identify the key). For protocol version 2 the keytype is or
    Note that lines in this file are usually several hundred bytes long (because of the size of the public key encoding) up to a limit of 8 kilobytes, which permits DSA keys up to 8 kilobits and RSA keys up to 16 kilobits. You don't want to type them in; instead, copy the
    or the
    file and edit it.
    enforces a minimum RSA key modulus size for protocol 1 and protocol 2 keys of 768 bits.
    The options (if present) consist of comma-separated option specifications. No spaces are permitted, except within double quotes. The following option specifications are supported (note that option keywords are case-insensitive):
      t Cm command=command Specifies that the command is executed whenever this key is used for authentication. The command supplied by the user (if any) is ignored. The command is run on a pty if the client requests a pty; otherwise it is run without a tty. If an 8-bit clean channel is required, one must not request a pty or should specify A quote may be included in the command by quoting it with a backslash. This option might be useful to restrict certain public keys to perform just a specific operation. An example might be a key that permits remote backups but nothing else. Note that the client may specify TCP and/or X11 forwarding unless they are explicitly prohibited. The command originally supplied by the client is available in the environment variable. Note that this option applies to shell, command or subsystem execution. t Cm environment=NAME=value Specifies that the string is to be added to the environment when logging in using this key. Environment variables set this way override other default environment values. Multiple options of this type are permitted. Environment processing is disabled by default and is controlled via the option. This option is automatically disabled if is enabled. t Cm from=pattern-list Specifies that in addition to public key authentication, the canonical name of the remote host must be present in the comma-separated list of patterns. The purpose of this option is to optionally increase security: public key authentication by itself does not trust the network or name servers or anything (but the key); however, if somebody somehow steals the key, the key permits an intruder to log in from anywhere in the world. This additional option makes using a stolen key more difficult (name servers and/or routers would have to be compromised in addition to just the key).
    See in ssh_config(5) for more information on patterns.
  • no-agent-forwarding Forbids authentication agent forwarding when this key is used for authentication.
  • no-port-forwarding Forbids TCP forwarding when this key is used for authentication. Any port forward requests by the client will return an error. This might be used, e.g. in connection with the option.
  • no-pty Prevents tty allocation (a request to allocate a pty will fail).
  • no-X11-forwarding Forbids X11 forwarding when this key is used for authentication. Any X11 forward requests by the client will return an error. t Cm permitopen=host:port Limit local port forwarding such that it may only connect to the specified host and port. IPv6 addresses can be specified with an alternative syntax: Multiple options may be applied separated by commas. No pattern matching is performed on the specified hostnames, they must be literal domains or addresses. t Cm tunnel=n Force a tun(4) device on the server. Without this option, the next available device will be used if the client requests a tunnel.
  • An example authorized_keys file:
    # Comments allowed at start of line
    ssh-rsa AAAAB3Nza...LiPk== user@example.net
    from="*.sales.example.net,!pc.sales.example.net" ssh-rsa
    AAAAB2...19Q== john@example.net
    command="dump /home",no-pty,no-port-forwarding ssh-dss
    AAAAC3...51R== example.net
    permitopen="192.0.2.1:80",permitopen="192.0.2.2:25" ssh-dss
    AAAAB5...21S==
    tunnel="0",command="sh /etc/netstart tun0" ssh-rsa AAAA...==
    jane@example.net
    

    SSH_KNOWN_HOSTS FILE FORMAT

    The
    and
    files contain host public keys for all known hosts. The global file should be prepared by the administrator (optional), and the per-user file is maintained automatically: whenever the user connects from an unknown host, its key is added to the per-user file.
    Each line in these files contains the following fields: hostnames, bits, exponent, modulus, comment. The fields are separated by spaces.
    Hostnames is a comma-separated list of patterns
    and act as wildcards); each pattern in turn is matched against the canonical host name (when authenticating a client) or against the user-supplied name (when authenticating a server). A pattern may also be preceded by to indicate negation: if the host name matches a negated pattern, it is not accepted (by that line) even if it matched another pattern on the line. A hostname or address may optionally be enclosed within and brackets then followed by and a non-standard port number.
    Alternately, hostnames may be stored in a hashed form which hides host names and addresses should the file's contents be disclosed. Hashed hostnames start with a character. Only one hashed hostname may appear on a single line and none of the above negation or wildcard operators may be applied.
    Bits, exponent, and modulus are taken directly from the RSA host key; they can be obtained, for example, from
    The optional comment field continues to the end of the line, and is not used.
    Lines starting with and empty lines are ignored as comments.
    When performing host authentication, authentication is accepted if any matching line has the proper key. It is thus permissible (but not recommended) to have several lines or different host keys for the same names. This will inevitably happen when short forms of host names from different domains are put in the file. It is possible that the files contain conflicting information; authentication is accepted if valid information can be found from either file.
    Note that the lines in these files are typically hundreds of characters long, and you definitely don't want to type in the host keys by hand. Rather, generate them by a script or by taking
    and adding the host names at the front.
    An example ssh_known_hosts file:
    # Comments allowed at start of line
    closenet,...,192.0.2.53 1024 37 159...93 closenet.example.net
    cvs.example.net,192.0.2.10 ssh-rsa AAAA1234.....=
    # A hashed hostname
    |1|JfKTdBh7rNbXkVAQCRp4OQoPfmI=|USECr3SWf1JUPsms5AqfD5QfxkM= ssh-rsa
    AAAA1234.....=
    

    FILES

    • ~/.hushlogin This file is used to suppress printing the last login time and
    if and respectively, are enabled. It does not suppress printing of the banner specified by
  • ~/.rhosts This file is used for host-based authentication (see ssh(1) for more information). On some machines this file may need to be world-readable if the user's home directory is on an NFS partition, because reads it as root. Additionally, this file must be owned by the user, and must not have write permissions for anyone else. The recommended permission for most machines is read/write for the user, and not accessible by others.
  • ~/.shosts This file is used in exactly the same way as
  • but allows host-based authentication without permitting login with rlogin/rsh.
  • ~/.ssh/authorized_keys Lists the public keys (RSA/DSA) that can be used for logging in as this user. The format of this file is described above. The content of the file is not highly sensitive, but the recommended permissions are read/write for the user, and not accessible by others.
  • If this file, the
    directory, or the user's home directory are writable by other users, then the file could be modified or replaced by unauthorized users. In this case, will not allow it to be used unless the option has been set to The recommended permissions can be set by executing
  • ~/.ssh/environment This file is read into the environment at login (if it exists). It can only contain empty lines, comment lines (that start with and assignment lines of the form name=value. The file should be writable only by the user; it need not be readable by anyone else. Environment processing is disabled by default and is controlled via the option.
  • ~/.ssh/known_hosts Contains a list of host keys for all hosts the user has logged into that are not already in the systemwide list of known host keys. The format of this file is described above. This file should be writable only by root/the owner and can, but need not be, world-readable.
  • ~/.ssh/rc Contains initialization routines to be run before the user's home directory becomes accessible. This file should be writable only by the user, and need not be readable by anyone else.
  • /etc/hosts.allow
  • /etc/hosts.deny Access controls that should be enforced by tcp-wrappers are defined here. Further details are described in hosts_access(5)
  • /etc/hosts.equiv This file is for host-based authentication (see ssh(1) It should only be writable by root.
  • /etc/ssh/moduli Contains Diffie-Hellman groups used for the "Diffie-Hellman Group Exchange". The file format is described in moduli(5)
  • /etc/motd See motd(5)
  • /etc/nologin If this file exists, refuses to let anyone except root log in. The contents of the file are displayed to anyone trying to log in, and non-root connections are refused. The file should be world-readable.
  • /etc/ssh/shosts.equiv This file is used in exactly the same way as
  • but allows host-based authentication without permitting login with rlogin/rsh.
  • /etc/ssh/ssh_known_hosts Systemwide list of known host keys. This file should be prepared by the system administrator to contain the public host keys of all machines in the organization. The format of this file is described above. This file should be writable only by root/the owner and should be world-readable.
  • /etc/ssh/ssh_host_key
  • /etc/ssh/ssh_host_dsa_key
  • /etc/ssh/ssh_host_rsa_key These three files contain the private parts of the host keys. These files should only be owned by root, readable only by root, and not accessible to others. Note that does not start if these files are group/world-accessible.
  • /etc/ssh/ssh_host_key.pub
  • /etc/ssh/ssh_host_dsa_key.pub
  • /etc/ssh/ssh_host_rsa_key.pub These three files contain the public parts of the host keys. These files should be world-readable but writable only by root. Their contents should match the respective private parts. These files are not really used for anything; they are provided for the convenience of the user so their contents can be copied to known hosts files. These files are created using ssh-keygen(1)
  • /etc/ssh/sshd_config Contains configuration data for The file format and configuration options are described in sshd_config(5)
  • /etc/ssh/sshrc Similar to
  • it can be used to specify machine-specific login-time initializations globally. This file should be writable only by root, and should be world-readable.
  • /var/run/sshd chroot(2) directory used by during privilege separation in the pre-authentication phase. The directory should not contain any files and must be owned by root and not group or world-writable.
  • /var/run/sshd.pid Contains the process ID of the listening for connections (if there are several daemons running concurrently for different ports, this contains the process ID of the one started last). The content of this file is not sensitive; it can be world-readable.
  • SEE ALSO

    AUTHORS

    OpenSSH is a derivative of the original and free ssh 1.2.12 release by Tatu Ylonen. Aaron Campbell, Bob Beck, Markus Friedl, Niels Provos, Theo de Raadt and Dug Song removed many bugs, re-added newer features and created OpenSSH. Markus Friedl contributed the support for SSH protocol versions 1.5 and 2.0. Niels Provos and Markus Friedl contributed support for privilege separation.

    CAVEATS

    System security is not improved unless and are disabled (thus completely disabling and into the machine).